E-ISSN 2705-3954 | ISSN 0794-4756
 
2025, Vol: 32, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems

Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro, Habeeb Bello, Ezekiel Ehime Agbon, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, Abdulrazaq Abdulaziz.


Abstract
Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) fingerprinting systems determine positions by analysing sound signal delays captured by multiple microphones. Their performance depends on the density of the TDOA fingerprint database, where higher density enhances localization accuracy but also extends localization time. To address this trade-off, clustering is applied to the fingerprint database, where the choice of clustering algorithm plays a critical role in performance. Furthermore, the fingerprint similarity metric and the microphone configuration used to create the database also significantly influence the system's effectiveness. This paper investigated the clustering performance of two widely used algorithms, k-means and k-medoids, for application in an audio-based TDOA fingerprinting system. The analysis considered varying numbers of clusters (K = 2 to 7), different fingerprint similarity metrics (Euclidean and Manhattan distances), and varying microphone configurations (square and rectangular). Using silhouette scores as a clustering performance metric, the results indicated that employing a rectangular microphone configuration to create the fingerprint database yielded better clustering performance for both algorithms. Moreover, using Euclidean distance as the fingerprint similarity metric resulted in the formation of well-defined clusters by both algorithms. Although both clustering algorithms demonstrated comparable performance, k-means typically outperformed, particularly when the number of clusters was smaller.

Key words: Clustering algorithms, Database density, k-means, k-medoids, TDOA-based fingerprinting systems


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Yaro AS, Bello H, Agbon EE, Usman AD, Abdulaziz A. Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. NJE. 2025; 32(1): 90-96.

Web Style

Yaro AS, Bello H, Agbon EE, Usman AD, Abdulaziz A. Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=239971 [Access: May 11, 2025].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Yaro AS, Bello H, Agbon EE, Usman AD, Abdulaziz A. Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. NJE. 2025; 32(1): 90-96.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Yaro AS, Bello H, Agbon EE, Usman AD, Abdulaziz A. Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. NJE. (2025), [cited May 11, 2025]; 32(1): 90-96.


Harvard Style

Yaro, A. S., Bello, . H., Agbon, . E. E., Usman, . A. D. & Abdulaziz, . A. (2025) Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. NJE, 32 (1), 90-96.


Turabian Style

Yaro, Abdulmalik Shehu, Habeeb Bello, Ezekiel Ehime Agbon, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, and Abdulrazaq Abdulaziz. 2025. Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 32 (1), 90-96.


Chicago Style

Yaro, Abdulmalik Shehu, Habeeb Bello, Ezekiel Ehime Agbon, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, and Abdulrazaq Abdulaziz. "Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 32 (2025), 90-96.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Yaro, Abdulmalik Shehu, Habeeb Bello, Ezekiel Ehime Agbon, Aliyu Danjuma Usman, and Abdulrazaq Abdulaziz. "Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 32.1 (2025), 90-96. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Yaro, A. S., Bello, . H., Agbon, . E. E., Usman, . A. D. & Abdulaziz, . A. (2025) Comparative Analysis of K-means and K-medoids Clustering for Improved Audio-based Time Difference of Arrival Fingerprinting Systems. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 32 (1), 90-96.


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