Nigerian Journal of Engineering is an open-access journal that provides immediate and unrestricted access to all published articles. All articles are freely available to readers without subscription or access fees. Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights to their work without restrictions, while granting the journal the right of first publication. All published articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, which permits users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and reuse the published work in any medium or format, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), the journal, and the original source of publication, and that any modifications are clearly indicated. The journal is committed to promoting the unrestricted dissemination and exchange of engineering knowledge while maintaining high standards of scholarly integrity, publication ethics, and research excellence.