E-ISSN 2705-3954 | ISSN 0794-4756
 
2026, Vol: 33, Issue: 1
33 / 1Current Issue Online FirstArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles

Original Research 


Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming

Isaac H Charles, Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro, Mohammed Dikko Almustapha.


Abstract
The accuracy of wireless localization systems depends on the precise acquisition of position-dependent signal parameters, which are often degraded by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation. Urban environments with tall buildings frequently obstruct direct line-of-sight (LOS) paths, complicating localization. Conventional approaches typically require five or more receivers to ensure sufficient LOS paths for accurate positioning. However, in fully NLOS scenarios, these techniques are ineffective. This paper proposes a hybrid Time of Arrival/Received Signal Strength (TOA/RSS) localization system using three spatially deployed receivers and assumes no LOS paths are available. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are introduced to mitigate NLOS effects, while weighted least squares (WLS) are applied and optimized through semi-definite programming (SDP) to address the non-convexity of the localization problem. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the RIS-assisted system achieves a 50% improvement in localization accuracy and a 16% reduction in computational complexity compared to conventional NLOS mitigation approaches in hybrid TOA/RSS systems.

Key words: Wireless localization, Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) mitigation, Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), Hybrid TOA/RSS, Semi-definite programming (SDP) optimization


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Isaac H Charles
Articles by Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro
Articles by Mohammed Dikko Almustapha
on Google
on Google Scholar

How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Charles IH, Yaro AS, Almustapha MD. Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. NJE. 2026; 33(1): 43-47.

Web Style

Charles IH, Yaro AS, Almustapha MD. Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=281199 [Access: June 27, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Charles IH, Yaro AS, Almustapha MD. Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. NJE. 2026; 33(1): 43-47.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Charles IH, Yaro AS, Almustapha MD. Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. NJE. (2026), [cited June 27, 2026]; 33(1): 43-47.


Harvard Style

Charles, I. H., Yaro, . A. S. & Almustapha, . M. D. (2026) Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. NJE, 33 (1), 43-47.


Turabian Style

Charles, Isaac H, Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro, and Mohammed Dikko Almustapha. 2026. Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 33 (1), 43-47.


Chicago Style

Charles, Isaac H, Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro, and Mohammed Dikko Almustapha. "Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 33 (2026), 43-47.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Charles, Isaac H, Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro, and Mohammed Dikko Almustapha. "Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 33.1 (2026), 43-47. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Charles, I. H., Yaro, . A. S. & Almustapha, . M. D. (2026) Enhancing Localization Accuracy of Hybrid Time of Arrival/received Signal Strength Systems In Non-line-of-sight Environments Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Semi-definite Programming. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 33 (1), 43-47.


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherEditorial Review PolicyPeer Review PolicyEditorial & Peer Review ProcessPlagiarism Policy

About Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Nigerian Journal of Engineering (NJE) is a publication of the Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - Nigeria. NJE publishes origina ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

The Editor–in–Chief

Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Ahmadu Bello University

Samaru - Zaria Nigeria

E-mails:

nje@abu.edu.ng, njeabu@yahoo.com