E-ISSN 2705-3954 | ISSN 0794-4756
 
2025, Vol: 32, Issue: 3
32 / 3Current Issue Online FirstArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles

Original Research 


Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization

Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Aliyu Usman, Ashiru Mohammed, Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Aliyu Umar Mani, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi.


Abstract
This study investigates the usage of spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) to improve the rheological properties and aging performance of bitumen blends. Design expert software was employed for the statistical modeling and optimization of two separate rheological parameters complex modulus and phase angle for both unaged and short-term aged samples. The rolling thin film oven test was employed to replicate short-term bitumen aging. We examined two important independent parameters in our experimental design: the STRDAC content, which varied from 0% to 12%, and the test temperature, which varied from 40°C to 70°C, whereas the responses were rheological and aging performance. The incorporation of STRDAC increased bitumen viscosity, changed flow behavior to thixotropic, enhanced resistance and stiffness, with higher complex modulus at elevated temperatures, and lower phase angle at intermediate temperatures, and improved aging resistance when compared to the pristine bitumen sample. This is attributed to the high presence and properties of the carbon black in STRDAC. Furthermore, the statistical response optimization developed model shows that the predicted values in the examined range agreed well with the actual outcome. The optimization outcome indicated that the optimal STRDAC content for improved performance was 6.49%, at a test temperature of 46.46°C. Furthermore, the statistical response optimization value was validated and the findings show a low error margin, indicating strong agreement between the model and actual values and demonstrating the model's efficiency. The outcome of the study shows a statistical response optimization is an effective tool for modeling and optimization of the bitumen rheological and aging resistance of STRDAC-modified bitumen.

Key words: Bitumen; Rheological properties; Spent tire rubber; Activated carbon; statistical response optimization; Modeling


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro
Articles by Aliyu Usman
Articles by Ashiru Mohammed
Articles by Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai
Articles by Aliyu Umar Mani
Articles by Abubakar Baffa Muhammad
Articles by Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi
on Google
on Google Scholar

How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Yaro NSA, Usman A, Mohammed A, Yousafzai AK, Mani AU, Muhammad AB, Sakadadi MY. Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. NJE. 2024; 31(2): 19-31.

Web Style

Yaro NSA, Usman A, Mohammed A, Yousafzai AK, Mani AU, Muhammad AB, Sakadadi MY. Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=172335 [Access: June 23, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Yaro NSA, Usman A, Mohammed A, Yousafzai AK, Mani AU, Muhammad AB, Sakadadi MY. Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. NJE. 2024; 31(2): 19-31.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Yaro NSA, Usman A, Mohammed A, Yousafzai AK, Mani AU, Muhammad AB, Sakadadi MY. Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. NJE. (2024), [cited June 23, 2026]; 31(2): 19-31.


Harvard Style

Yaro, N. S. A., Usman, . A., Mohammed, . A., Yousafzai, . A. K., Mani, . A. U., Muhammad, . A. B. & Sakadadi, . M. Y. (2024) Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. NJE, 31 (2), 19-31.


Turabian Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Aliyu Usman, Ashiru Mohammed, Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Aliyu Umar Mani, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, and Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi. 2024. Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 31 (2), 19-31.


Chicago Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Aliyu Usman, Ashiru Mohammed, Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Aliyu Umar Mani, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, and Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi. "Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 31 (2024), 19-31.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Aliyu Usman, Ashiru Mohammed, Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Aliyu Umar Mani, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, and Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi. "Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 31.2 (2024), 19-31. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Yaro, N. S. A., Usman, . A., Mohammed, . A., Yousafzai, . A. K., Mani, . A. U., Muhammad, . A. B. & Sakadadi, . M. Y. (2024) Modeling the rheological and aging performance of bitumen modified with spent tire rubber-derived activated carbon (STRDAC) using statistical response optimization. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 31 (2), 19-31.


Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherEditorial Review PolicyPeer Review PolicyEditorial & Peer Review ProcessPlagiarism Policy

About Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Nigerian Journal of Engineering (NJE) is a publication of the Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - Nigeria. NJE publishes origina ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information

The Editor–in–Chief

Nigerian Journal of Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Ahmadu Bello University

Samaru - Zaria Nigeria

E-mails:

nje@abu.edu.ng, njeabu@yahoo.com