E-ISSN 2705-3954 | ISSN 0794-4756
 
2025, Vol: 32, Issue: 3
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Original Research 


Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content

Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Aliyu Usman, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, Aliyu Mani Umar, Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba.


Cited By:1

Abstract
In recent time, there has been a wave in concern in enhancing the durability and performance of bituminous pavements, particularly considering rising traffic volumes and environmental concerns. Thus, modifying bitumen with biowaste materials such as hydrochar-based geopolymer composites is one new technique for resolving these challenges. Thus, this study investigates how the bitumen and hydrochar-based geopolymer composites (HBGC) affect the rutting resistance (RR) of bituminous pavements, utilizing an optimization known as the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three main design factors were investigated: asphalt binder content, hydrochar content, and geopolymer content. The asphalt binder content varied from 4% to 6%, whereas the biochar and geopolymer content ranged from 0% to 4%. The RSM technique was used to analyze the interplay between various design elements and develop a prediction model for optimizing the RR. The ANOVA analysis demonstrated strong statistical performance, indicating a high link between actual and projected outcomes. Notably, the synergistic effect of increasing bitumen content and the use of a hydrochar-based geopolymer composite modifier resulted in improved RR in bituminous concrete. Furthermore, the study indicated ideal input content of 5.75% for bitumen, 3.4% for hydrochar, and 3.24% for the geopolymer modifier for improve RR. Also, the model has a 5% percentage error, showing a significant correlation between predicted and actual data. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using RSM to optimize and predict HBGC bituminous concrete RR, by providing durability and sustainability through HBGC utilization in bituminous concrete

Key words: Optimization; Hydrochar; Geopolymer; Rutting resistance; Bituminous concrete


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Yaro NSA, Sutanto MH, Usman A, Muhammad AB, Umar AM, Sakadadi MY, Jagaba AH. Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. NJE. 2023; 30(3): 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02

Web Style

Yaro NSA, Sutanto MH, Usman A, Muhammad AB, Umar AM, Sakadadi MY, Jagaba AH. Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=169455 [Access: June 22, 2026]. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Yaro NSA, Sutanto MH, Usman A, Muhammad AB, Umar AM, Sakadadi MY, Jagaba AH. Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. NJE. 2023; 30(3): 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Yaro NSA, Sutanto MH, Usman A, Muhammad AB, Umar AM, Sakadadi MY, Jagaba AH. Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. NJE. (2023), [cited June 22, 2026]; 30(3): 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


Harvard Style

Yaro, N. S. A., Sutanto, . M. H., Usman, . A., Muhammad, . A. B., Umar, . A. M., Sakadadi, . M. Y. & Jagaba, . A. H. (2023) Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. NJE, 30 (3), 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


Turabian Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Aliyu Usman, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, Aliyu Mani Umar, Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi, and Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba. 2023. Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 30 (3), 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


Chicago Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Aliyu Usman, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, Aliyu Mani Umar, Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi, and Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba. "Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 30 (2023), 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Aliyu Usman, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad, Aliyu Mani Umar, Muktar Yakubu Sakadadi, and Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba. "Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 30.3 (2023), 9-15. Print. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Yaro, N. S. A., Sutanto, . M. H., Usman, . A., Muhammad, . A. B., Umar, . A. M., Sakadadi, . M. Y. & Jagaba, . A. H. (2023) Enhancing Rutting Resistance in Bituminous Concrete: A Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimizing Bitumen and Hydrochar-Based Geopolymer Content. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 30 (3), 9-15. doi:10.5455/nje.2023.30.03.02


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