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2025, Vol: 32, Issue: 3
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Original Research 


Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks

Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Nasir Faruk, Lukman A. Olawoyin, A. Abdulkarim.


Abstract
This paper examines protocols for sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks using the Dave’s Ad-hoc Network Simulator for Education (DANSE). This simulator can be used to evaluate the performance of wireless nodes and its routing protocols. Sensor networks are important in the developmental cycle of smart cities such as the use of modern urban traffic network. In addition, the paper analysed a 5 and 20 mesh-based topology sensor network using different routing protocol. In the way, the analyses of the of the results shows that the Bellman-Ford is the most effective routing protocol based on those examined using the DANSE simulator using the default settings for the protocol in a large mesh-based topology. It also showed that the MAC layer protocols CSMA and ALOHA appear to be very similar in terms of performance for both multi-hop and single-hop topologies. The results show that both ALOHA and CSMA achieving greater than a 70% packet success rate with Bellman-Ford at a traffic generation of 0.1 packets/s, and greater than 80% for the single hop network with the same packet generation rate.

Key words: wireless sensor networks; routing protocol; energy efficiency


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Oloyede AA, Faruk N, Olawoyin LA, Abdulkarim A. Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. NJE. 2020; 27(2): 75-85.

Web Style

Oloyede AA, Faruk N, Olawoyin LA, Abdulkarim A. Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. https://www.njeabu.com.ng/?mno=12197 [Access: June 22, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Oloyede AA, Faruk N, Olawoyin LA, Abdulkarim A. Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. NJE. 2020; 27(2): 75-85.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Oloyede AA, Faruk N, Olawoyin LA, Abdulkarim A. Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. NJE. (2020), [cited June 22, 2026]; 27(2): 75-85.


Harvard Style

Oloyede, A. A., Faruk, . N., Olawoyin, . L. A. & Abdulkarim, . A. (2020) Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. NJE, 27 (2), 75-85.


Turabian Style

Oloyede, Abdulkarim A., Nasir Faruk, Lukman A. Olawoyin, and A. Abdulkarim. 2020. Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 27 (2), 75-85.


Chicago Style

Oloyede, Abdulkarim A., Nasir Faruk, Lukman A. Olawoyin, and A. Abdulkarim. "Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 27 (2020), 75-85.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Oloyede, Abdulkarim A., Nasir Faruk, Lukman A. Olawoyin, and A. Abdulkarim. "Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks." Nigerian Journal of Engineering 27.2 (2020), 75-85. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Oloyede, A. A., Faruk, . N., Olawoyin, . L. A. & Abdulkarim, . A. (2020) Effective Routing Protocol for Perpetual Wireless Sensor Networks. Nigerian Journal of Engineering, 27 (2), 75-85.


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